Sources for Major Writing Project I and corresponding rhetorical precis for each source.
Blake, Kevin “Lighthouse Symbolism in the American Landscape” Focus on Geography 50.1 (Summer 2007): 9-15. JSTOR. Web. 29 January 2013
In this article the author considers lighthouses for their aesthetical appeals in addition to the practical purpose they serve for navigation. The author considers various aspects of lighthouses in terms of their structure as well as to geographical setting. The author considers the aesthetical aspects of lighthouses in addition to their practical purpose of navigation in order to illustrate that technologies such as GPS cannot completely replace such navigation markers in terms of marking off the boundary where water and dry land come together. The article adresses the aesthetical and practical issues of lighthouses particularly for those interested in navigation as well as the preservation of lighthouses.
Bruun, Per “Navigation and Sand Bypassing at Inlets: Technical management and Cost Aspects.” Journal of Coastal Research 23. (1996): 113-119. JSTOR. Web. 12 February 2013.
In this article Bruun discusses how tidal entrances to harbors and inlets are affected along sandy shores due to the effect of littoral drift of beach sand. The article specifically considers the sandy coastline regions of Florida and the Carolinas. The author discusses the need for the dredging of these inlets in order for there to be safe navigation of inlets and harbor entrances by shipping and boating interests where sand could create a blockage through drifting by what is known as littoral drift that is caused by wind, waves, and tides. Because the article addresses the issue of sand dredging at inlets, the primary audience being addressed are those interested in safe navigation as well those interested in the use dredging equipment to keep sandy inlets safe for navigation purposes
Kite, Hauke L. Di-Jin, Powell and Farrow, Scott “Safety benefits of Electronic Charts and Integrated Navigation Systems.” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 31.2 (1997): 147-162. JSTOR. Web. 12 February 2013.
In this article the authors discuss the benefits of Electronic Charts and Integrated Navigation Systems (EC/INS). The article discusses this through the use of mathematical formulae specifically formatted to have an electronic system as to keep up with the rapidly changing variation of coastlines and sea hazards. The authors present Electronic Charts as an up to date system in order that the navigation of vessels be such as to avoid collisions, shipwrecks, etc. The article addresses those individuals interested in using such a means as electronic mapping for the purposes of safe navigation of the seas.
Krauskopf, Sharma Irish Lighthouses Guilford CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2002. Print.
In this book covering the subject of lighthouses in Ireland, the author discusses the individual histories of 36 lighthouses in Ireland as well as the history of the organization that maintains these in terms of The CIL (Commissioner of Irish Lights). The author considers the history of the lighthouses from their very beginning as an iron basket atop a tower with a fire that would be kept going with whatever could be used as fuel. The author presents the history of Irish lighthouses in as developed a chronological manner in order to show how the CIL would be formed as to maintain the latest aids to navigation for all mariners operating in the region. This book is for an audience that takes an interest in the history of the lighthouses of Ireland and their pratical purpose of safe navigation of the inlets and obstacles all along the Irish coast.
Roberts, Bruce, and Jones, Ray American Lighthouses: A Definitive Guide. Guilford CT: Globe-Pequot Press, 2002. Print.
In this guidebook to lighthouses in America, the authors give directions to all these along both Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Coasts as well as the Gulf of Mexico and the Great lakes. In addition are descriptive histories of these along with a general history of lighthouses in the introduction and the continuous need for lighthouses as navigation guides. The authors stress the continuous need for lighthouses as visual aids to navigation in addition to such technology as radar and GPS in order that the visual element of navigation will always play a role in safe navigation efforts by all mariners. The authors address an audience that is primarily interested in lighthouses for navigation purposes along the both ocean coasts of the Continental United States as well as Hawaii and Alaska with coverage of the Great Lakes as well.
Schiffer, Michael Brian “The Electric Lighthouse in the Nineteenth Century: Aid to Navigation and Political Technology.”Technology and Culture 46.2 (April 2005): 275-305. JSTOR. Web. 29 January 2013
In this article, the author discusses the development of electric means for the lights utilized in lighthouses. While the article presents how such a means of illumination by electricity would be complicated as compared to oil burning lamps, the technology would eventually be simplified as into the modern means of automation of most all lighthouses in the present day. The author stresses the difficulties of illumination by electricity in order to cultivate the technology that would be well utilized in the modern visual navigation aids of the present day that have no need for lighthouse keepers that would be necessary to tend oil burning lights. The author addresses an audience consisting of those individuals interested in the historical development of electric apparatus lights used in lighthouses during the nineteenth century and considering how those aspects apply to the present day from a technological point of view.
Van Zandt, David E. “The Lessons of the Lighthouse: "Government" or "Private" Provision of Goods.” The Journal of Legal Studies 22. 1 (January 1993): 47-72. JSTOR. Web. 29 January 2013
In this article the author discusses the economic advantages and disadvantages of lighthouses being funded either publicly or privately. The author considers the argument from both sides as to funding through either tax dollars or private dollars spent by maritime interests to provide safe navigation of the seas. The author considers both public and private funds as a means of funding lighthouses in order to show the reader the advantages and disadvantages of both means n terms of the subject of providing safe navigation. The author addresses those individuals interested in the economic aspects of lighthouses concerning how funding should be obtained to keep the lights maintained for safe navigation of the seas.
